When Does Su Chen Meet Zhu Xiaoyan Again

. 2020 Mar;579(7798):270-273.

doi: ten.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. Epub 2022 Feb 3.

A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

Xing-Lou Yang ^{# 1} , Xian-Guang Wang ^{# ii} , Ben Hu ¹ , Lei Zhang ¹ , Wei Zhang ^one , Hao-Rui Si ^{1 3} , Yan Zhu ¹ , Bei Li ⁱ , Chao-Lin Huang ² , Hui-Dong Chen ² , Jing Chen ^{1 3} , Yun Luo ^{i iii} , Hua Guo ^{ane three} , Ren-Di Jiang ^{i 3} , Mei-Qin Liu ^{1 iii} , Ying Chen ^{1 iii} , Xu-Rui Shen ^{i iii} , 11 Wang ^{one 3} , Xiao-Shuang Zheng ^{1 iii} , Kai Zhao ^{one 3} , Quan-Jiao Chen ¹ , Fei Deng ¹ , Lin-Lin Liu ⁴ , Bing Yan ¹ , Fa-Xian Zhan ⁴ , Yan-Yi Wang ¹ , Geng-Fu Xiao ^one , Zheng-Li Shi ^five

Affiliations

• PMID: 32015507
• PMCID: PMC7095418
• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-vii

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A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

Peng Zhou  et al. Nature. 2020 Mar .

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Abstract

Since the outbreak of astringent astute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 18 years ago, a large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) take been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats^1-4. Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to infect humans^5-7. Here nosotros written report the identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China. The epidemic, which started on 12 December 2019, had acquired 2,794 laboratory-confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak. The sequences are almost identical and share 79.6% sequence identity to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we show that 2019-nCoV is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. Pairwise poly peptide sequence analysis of seven conserved not-structural proteins domains testify that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV. In addition, 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients. Notably, we confirmed that 2019-nCoV uses the same prison cell entry receptor-angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)-as SARS-CoV.

Conflict of interest argument

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1. Genome characterization of 2019-nCoV.

a, Metagenomics analysis of next-generation sequencing of BALF from patient ICU06. b, Genomic organization of 2019-nCoV WIV04. M, membrane. c, Similarity plot based on the full-length genome sequence of 2019-nCoV WIV04. Full-length genome sequences of SARS-CoV BJ01, bat SARSr-CoV WIV1, bat coronavirus RaTG13 and ZC45 were used equally reference sequences. d, Phylogenetic tree based on nucleotide sequences of consummate genomes of coronaviruses. MHV, murine hepatitis virus; PEDV, porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus; TGEV, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus.The scale bars represent 0.1 substitutions per nucleotide position. Descriptions of the settings and software that was used are included in the Methods.

Fig. 2. Molecular and serological investigation of patient samples.

a, Molecular detection of 2019-nCoV in seven patients. Patient information tin be constitute in Extended Data Tables i, 2. Detection methods are described in the Methods. AS, anal swab; Bone, oral swab. b, Dynamics of 2019-nCoV antibody levels in i patient who showed signs of disease on 23 December 2022 (ICU-06). OD ratio, optical density at 450–630 nm. The right and left y axes point ELISA OD ratios for IgM and IgG, respectively. c, Serological exam of 2019-nCoV antibodies in five patients (Extended Information Table ii). The asterisk indicates information collected from patient ICU-06 on x January 2020. b, c, The cut-off was to 0.two for the IgM analysis and to 0.iii for the IgG analysis, according to the levels of healthy controls.

Fig. three. Analysis of the receptor employ of 2019-nCoV.

Determination of virus infectivity in HeLa cells that expressed or did not express (untransfected) ACE2. The expression of ACE2 plasmid with S tag was detected using mouse anti-South tag monoclonal antibody. hACE2, homo ACE2; bACE2, ACE2 of Rhinolophus sinicus (bat); cACE2, civet ACE2; sACE2, swine ACE2 (pig); mACE2, mouse ACE2. Green, ACE2; red, viral protein (N); blueish, DAPI (nuclei). Scale confined, 10 μm.

Extended Information Fig. 1. NGS raw reads of sample WIV04 mapping to the 2019-nCoV sequence.

The x axis indicates the genome nucleotide position and the y axis represents the read depth of the mapping.

Extended Information Fig. ii. Phylogenetic copse based on the complete S and RdRp gene sequences of coronaviruses.

a, b, Phylogenetic trees on the basis of the gene sequences of S (a) and RdRp (b) are shown. 2019-nCoV and bat CoV RaTG13 are shown in bold and in red. The copse were constructed using the maximum likelihood method using the GTR + Yard exchange model with bootstrap values adamant past ane,000 replicates. Bootstraps values of more 50% are shown.

Extended Data Fig. iii. Amino acid sequence alignment of the S1 protein of the 2019-nCoV to SARS-CoV and selected bat SARSr-CoVs.

The receptor-bounden motif of SARS-CoV and the homologous region of other coronaviruses are indicated by the red box. The key amino acrid residues involved in the interaction with human ACE2 are numbered at the top of the aligned sequences. The brusk insertions in the N-final domain of the 2019-nCoV are indicated by the blue boxes. Bat CoV RaTG13 was obtained from R. affinis, found in Yunnan province. Bat CoV ZC45 was obtained from R. sinicus, constitute in Zhejiang province.

Extended Data Fig. 4. Molecular detection method used to detect 2019-nCoV.

a, Standard curve for qPCR primers. The PCR product of the S gene that was serial diluted in the range of 10⁸ to tenⁱ (lines from left to right) was used every bit a template. Primer sequences and experimental conditions are described in the Methods. b, Specificity of the qPCR primers. Nucleotide samples from the indicated pathogens were used.

Extended Data Fig. 5. Amino acid sequence alignment of the nucleocapsid protein of 2019-nCoV to bat SARSr-CoV Rp3 and SARS-CoV BJ01.

Bat SARSr-CoV Rp3 was obtained from R. sinicus, which is found in Guangxi province.

Extended Information Fig. 6. Isolation and antigenic characterization of 2019-nCoV.

a, b, Vero E6 cells are shown at 24 h after infection with mock virus (a) or 2019-nCoV (b). c, d, Mock-virus-infected (c) or 2019-nCoV-infected (d) samples were stained with rabbit serum raised against recombinant SARSr-CoV Rp3 N protein (red) and DAPI (blue). The experiment was conducted twice independently with similar results. due east, The ratio of the number of reads related to 2019-nCoV among the total number of virus-related reads in metagenomics assay of supernatants from Vero E6 cell cultures. f, Virus growth in Vero E6 cells. thou, Viral particles in the ultrathin sections were imaged using electron microscopy at 200 kV. The sample was from virus-infected Vero E6 cells. The inset shows the viral particles in an intra-cytosolic vacuole.

Extended Data Fig. vii. Analysis of 2019-nCoV receptor usage.

Conclusion of virus infectivity in HeLa cells with or without the expression of human being APN and DPP4. The expression of ACE2, APN and DPP4 plasmids with Southward tag were detected using mouse anti-South tag monoclonal antibody. ACE2, APN and DPP4 proteins (greenish), viral poly peptide (red) and nuclei (blue) are shown. Scale confined, ten μm.

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